Mastering C++: From Fundamentals to Advanced Programming
Chapter 3: Control Flow and Operators in C++
🔹 1. Introduction
Controlling the flow of execution is fundamental in every
programming language. In C++, control flow enables you to make decisions and
perform repetitive tasks using:
- Conditional
statements (e.g. if, else, switch)
- Loops
(e.g. for, while, do-while)
- Operators
(arithmetic, comparison, logical, assignment)
This chapter will teach you how to build logic, branch
behavior, and repeat actions, all of which are essential for writing
functional programs.
🔹 2. C++ Operators
Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables
and values.
✅ Arithmetic Operators
|
Operator |
Description |
Example |
Output |
|
+ |
Addition |
3 + 2 |
5 |
|
- |
Subtraction |
3 - 2 |
1 |
|
* |
Multiplication |
3 * 2 |
6 |
|
/ |
Division |
6 / 2 |
3 |
|
% |
Modulo |
5 % 2 |
1 |
✅ Assignment Operators
|
Operator |
Description |
Example |
|
= |
Assign |
x = 5 |
|
+= |
Add and
assign |
x += 2 |
|
-= |
Subtract and
assign |
x -= 3 |
|
*= |
Multiply and assign |
x *= 4 |
✅ Comparison Operators
|
Operator |
Description |
Example |
|
== |
Equal to |
x == y |
|
!= |
Not equal |
x != y |
|
> |
Greater than |
x > y |
|
< |
Less than |
x < y |
|
>= |
Greater or
equal |
x >= y |
|
<= |
Less or equal |
x <= y |
✅ Logical Operators
|
Operator |
Description |
Example |
|
&& |
Logical AND |
x > 0
&& y > 0 |
|
` |
` |
|
|
! |
Logical NOT |
!(x > 0) |
🔹 3. Conditional
Statements
✅ if...else Structure
int
age = 20;
if
(age >= 18) {
cout << "Adult";
}
else {
cout << "Minor";
}
✅ if...else if...else
int
marks = 85;
if
(marks >= 90) {
cout << "Grade A";
}
else if (marks >= 75) {
cout << "Grade B";
}
else {
cout << "Grade C";
}
✅ switch Statement
int
day = 3;
switch(day)
{
case 1: cout << "Monday";
break;
case 2: cout << "Tuesday";
break;
case 3: cout <<
"Wednesday"; break;
default: cout << "Invalid";
}
🔹 4. Looping in C++
Loops are used to run the same block of code multiple times.
✅ for Loop
for
(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
cout << i << " ";
}
Output: 1 2 3 4 5
✅ while Loop
int
i = 1;
while
(i <= 5) {
cout << i << " ";
i++;
}
✅ do...while Loop
int
i = 1;
do
{
cout << i << " ";
i++;
}
while (i <= 5);
✅ The do...while loop always
executes at least once.
🔹 5. Loop Control
Statements
|
Statement |
Use Case |
|
break; |
Exit the loop
immediately |
|
continue; |
Skip the
current iteration and go to the next |
🔹 6. Flowchart: Loop
Example
Start
|
|--
i = 1
|--
While i <= 5
| Print i
| i++
|
End
✅ Control flow diagrams are
useful for visualizing loop logic in technical interviews.
🔹 7. Nested Loops Example
for
(int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
cout << "* ";
}
cout << endl;
}
Output:
*
*
*
*
* *
FAQs
1. What is C++ used for today?
C++ is used in game development, operating systems, compilers, IoT, robotics, and performance-critical applications
2. Is C++ beginner-friendly?
- ✅
Yes — it’s a
great first language, though it requires understanding of memory
management and syntax.
3. What’s the difference between C and C++?
C is procedural; C++ supports both procedural and object-oriented programming
4. How is memory managed in C++?
Using
pointers, references, and manual memory control with new and delete.
5. What is the STL in C++?
The Standard Template Library is a powerful collection of classes like vector, set, map, and queue.
6. Is C++ still relevant in 2025 and beyond?
✅ Absolutely. It's critical in industries like gaming, defense, automotive, and finance
7. Can I build web apps with C++?
Not commonly — C++ is not typically used for frontend or backend web apps. However, it powers backend engines in browsers.
8. Is C++ used in machine learning?
Yes, many machine learning libraries (like TensorFlow) have C++ backends for performance.
9. How hard is it to switch from C++ to Python?
Very easy — once you’ve mastered C++, most modern languages feel simpler.
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